Dulce Et Decorum Est And The Horrors Of War Poem Analysis

The long standing expression that â€Å"the pen is mightier than the sword† has been repeated often throughout the ages, but it can actually be taken seriously in light of war poetry. Although the soldiers in World War I did not literally fight with swords, their experiences in combat were beyond appalling, and some might say, beyond describable by words. Poetry, however, is a very powerful form of expression, and when written by someone who has experienced the horrors of war, it can deeply convey the grim reality of war. Utilising personal experiences and pre-war ideology, World War I poets Wilfred Owens and Rupert Brookes’ were able to recreate the glory and horror of the Great War through their works ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ and ‘The Soldier’.†¦show more content†¦The poet reveals the truthful and confronting depiction of death to the unknowing eyes who haven’t witnessed it and do not understand. The poem is told from the memor ies of a solider, which gives way to haunting and helpless sights. This is in utter contrast to the sonnet written by Brooke who depicts a highly idealistic and patriotic vision of war. Brooke’s pleasant image of death on the battlefield exemplified both the popular and the governmental view of war. His optimistic ideology may reflect his lack of experience as he never engaged in direct combat and died within seven months of enlistment. The repetitive use of the noun ‘England’ emphasises the strong patriotic mood. England is personified as a kind, giving mother and her sons, the soldiers, are seeds, whose death will sow life into the earth of ‘foreign fields’. While the poem is centred on death, there is no actual reference or description to the painful reality of death as touched on by Owen. The Solider was valuable to the British government, who used it as a means of propaganda. Thus, it was successful in inspiring loyalty and patriotic love in the masses. Poets intentionally implement figurative language devices to add dramatic effect and to paint a specific mood and tone. Such example is evident in Owen’s use of the simile ‘his hanging face, like a devil sick of sin’. The simile tries to describe the soldier’s dreadful facial appearance as being almostShow MoreRelatedWilfred Owen : The Greatest English Poet During The First World War Poem Summary1358 Words   |  6 PagesDulce Et Decorum Est Wilfred Owen Wilfred Owen is recognized as the greatest English poet during the First World War. Wilfred Owen notable poems contains the lives and historical records. He wrote out of his intense personal experience as a soldier and wrote with unrivalled power of the physical, moral and psychological trauma of the First World War. From the early age of nineteen, Wilfred Owen wanted to become a poet and immersed himself in poetry, being specially impressed by KeatsRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s Poem Dulce Et Decorum Est1692 Words   |  7 Pagesand Resistance poetry. The protest poem ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’, written by Wilfred Owen, challenges the dominant World War One ideologies of militarism and nationalism. You will find that this poem is a great example as it defies the dominant values and beliefs of war in Britain. Wilfred Owen Let’s discuss the poet. Wilfred Owen was one of the leading voices of the first world war. In January 1917, Owen was deployed but he was innocent to the realism of war. In April, he sustained shell-shockRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est and Ninety Years Ago952 Words   |  4 PagesPoetry Analysis Rupert McCall and Wilfred Owens are two very different poets, from two very different times, with two very different poems. The two poems give very different messages about the poet’s opinion of war and conflict. Ninety Years Ago is a poem written by Rupert McCall in 2005 about the legend of the ANZACs. The poem was written to commemorate the 90th anniversary of the Gallipoli campaign. Dulce Est Decorum Et was written by Owen Wilfred in 1917 about Owens experiences in WW1. Owen wroteRead More Dulce et Decorum Est Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesWilfred Owen’s â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† and E. E Cummings’, â€Å"next to of course god america i† are poems that critique patriotic propaganda. Both poems use words and images to effectively depict the influence that patriotic propaganda has on war. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† uses descriptive words to create realistic images of the horrors soldiers are faced with during combat, whereas â€Å"next to of course god america i† uses sarcasm to inform readers that the abuse of propaganda can be used to manipulate othersRead MoreThe Soldier By Wilfred Owen1376 Words   |  6 Pages Participating in war often is romanticized and is seen as a heroic and honorable act. This romanticism, of course, can only be put forth by one who has never experienced the inhumane devastation that each battle- each moment- causes for the minds and in bodies of every soldier. â€Å"The Soldier† was written by Rupert Brooke in 1914, just before World War One was about to begin, while â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est.† was written by Wilfred Owen in 1917, during which Word War One was being fought harshly. DueRead MoreAttitudes To The War in Whos For The Game? and Dulce Et Decorum Est1068 Words   |  5 Pages‘Who’s for the Game?’ and ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ Q: Compare the attitudes to the war and its presentation in the 2 poems ‘Who’s For The Game?’ and ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’. Include an analysis of the language used and its structure. In the two poems ‘Who’s For the Game?’ and ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’, there are many fundamental differences which set the two poems in two different places in a reader’s mind – the way they interpret the poem. I will be explaining how these essential differencesRead MoreCritical Analysis of Wilfred Owen’s â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis of Wilfred Owen’s â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† Wilfred Owen’s poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, is a powerful poem with graphical lifelike images on the reality of war. It is blatantly apparent that the author was a soldier who experienced some of the most gruesome images of war. His choice of words, diction, tone, syntax, and metaphor’s paint a vivid picture in a brilliant poem. His choice for the poem’s name is ironical in itself. The entire phrase is â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est Pro patriaRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Dulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen795 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Dulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen The First World War saw the introduction of many new warfare technologies across its theatres due to industrial competition between rival nations. One of the most feared weapons amongst soldiers on both sides was gas. The usage of chlorine, phosgene and mustard gas caused the death of thousands of men by suffocation. Wilfred Owens poem Dulce Et Decorum Est gives a detailed description of a soldier dying from a gas attackRead More Dulce et decorum est Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesDulce et decorum est is a well known battlefield poem written by Wilfred Owen. Critical Analysis Dulce et decorum est is a well known battlefield poem written by Wilfred Owen. It has been written in the first person and the present tense to make the reader feel as if they are actually there. It is in three clear sections, which are eight-line stanzas, rhyming ABABCDCD. It has an extra four lines in the last stanza to incorporate the main message of the poem. It uses many similes andRead MoreAnalysis of Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen Essay485 Words   |  2 PagesAnalysis of Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen In the poem, Dulce et Decorum Est written by Wilfred Owen, the speaker appears to be a soldier in the army, warning young people eager for war, â€Å"children ardent for some desperate glory,† that war is not what it seems. The soldier explains to the reader through first hand experience that fighting for one’s country is not as glorious a task as it may appear to be. One shouldn’t believe the lie that is told about how it

Methods of Data Analysis in Qualitative Research - 1580 Words

15 Methods of Data Analysis in Qualitative Research Compiled by Donald Ratcliff 1. Typology - a classification system, taken from patterns, themes, or other kinds of groups of data. (Patton pp. 393,398) John Lofland Lyn Lofland Ideally, categories should be mutually exclusive and exhaustive if possible, often they aren t. Basically a list of categories. example: Lofland and Lofland s 1st edition list: acts, activities, meanings, participation, relationships, settings (in the third edition they have ten units interfaced by three aspects--see page 114--and each cell in this matrix might be related to one of seven topics--see chapter seven). 2. Taxonomy (See Domain Analysis - often used together, especially developing taxonomy from†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ select semantic relationships prepare domain analysis worksheet select sample of field notes (statements of people studied) look for broad and narrow terms to describe semantic relationships formulate questions about those relationships repeat process for different semantic relationship list all domains discovered 10. Hermeneutical Analysis (hermeneutics = making sense of a written text) Max Van Manen Not looking for objective meaning of text, but meaning of text for people in situation. Try to bracket self out in analysis - tell their story, not yours. Use their words, less interpretive than other approaches. Different layers of interpretation of text. Knowledge is constructed – we construct meaning of text (from background and current situation - Social construction because of influence of others - symbolic interactionism) Use context - time and place of writing - to understand. What was cultural situation? Historical context. Meaning resides in author intent/purpose, context, and the encounter between author and reader - find themes and relate to dialectical context. (Some say authorial intent is impossible to ascertain.) Videotape - probably needs to be secondary level of analysis. Get with another person who is using another method and analyze their field notes. 11. Discourse analysis (linguistic analysis of ongoing flow of communication)Show MoreRelatedQualitative And Quantitative Research Methods1285 Words   |  6 Pages Qualitative and Quantitative Research Ravi Teja Mora Dr. Jimi Peters Research Methods Stratford University â€Æ' Qualitative and Quantitative Research Introduction There has been a widespread of debate in recent years regarding the quantitative and qualitative research methods, wether one or the other has to be emerged as superior. Although there have been so many theories and conclusions, this paper intends to discuss on the similarities and differences between the qualitative and quantitativeRead MoreResearch Methodology Used For Research1207 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Methodology Introduction This chapter discusses the methodology used for this research. Describing type of methodology in research study and define the chosen method and approach for this research. Then, the outline of research strategy used, framework this research conducted and data sources collected to obtain valid and reliable research as the objective determined. Review of Research of Methodology Broadly speaking, there are several purpose of research. It depends on the objectiveRead MoreCompare and Contrast Qualitative and Quantitaitve Research Methods1403 Words   |  6 Pagesand contrast Qualitative and Quantitative research methods Monique Gowans Charles Stuart University Compare and Contrast Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods Qualitative research methods are complex meaningful analysis characterised by processes and meanings that are not experimentally examined or measured in terms of mathematical measurements (Lincoln, 2003; Sarantakos, 2005). Quantitative research however, relies and builds on mathematical procedures and methods, such as frequencyRead MoreThe Importance Of Decision Making As Well As What, Who, Where, And When977 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative research Qualitative research is concerned with developing and applying mathematical, statistical and econometrics models to test hypotheses involving a natural phenomenon (Patton, 2005). The qualitative research approach is made up of many research methods. The goal is to examine the why and how of decision making as well as what, who, where, and when. Qualitative methods have basis in political sciences, social work, special education and education researchers History At the beginningRead MoreWeek 1 RSCH 8300860 Words   |  4 PagesInitial post Comparing Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Researchers often times are faced with the decision of choosing a methodology of research; either Quantitative or Qualitative that they think best fits their study and objectives. This choice is guarded by the topic of study, the advantages and disadvantages, and the strengths and weaknesses of using either one or the other type of the methodologies. Researchers are sometimes using Quantitative and Qualitative research methodologies interchangeablyRead MoreThe Types Of General Data1339 Words   |  6 PagesQualitative and Quantitative are the two types of general data. Quantitative is data the deals with quantities, information that can be measured and put down as numbers on paper. An example quantitative data can be someone’s height, shoe size, and length of hair. Qualitative data is information that can’t be measured but still existed in a sense that we can understand. When taking the two of these and put them into the format of research they both have different aims in trying to collect their ownRead MoreQualitative Research Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesQualitative Research in Nursing Date of last revision : January 28, 2011 â€Å"Not everything that counts can be counted, and not everything that can be counted counts† -Albert Einstein INTRODUCTION †¢ Qualitative research methods have become increasingly important as ways of developing nursing knowledge for evidence-based nursing practice. Qualitative research answers a wide variety of questions related to nursings concern with human responses to actual or potential health problems. (Ploeg JRead MoreResearch Methodology And Methods Of Research1033 Words   |  5 PagesCHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction There are various methods of research which can be implored in carrying out a study. Research method is very important because the use of different methods gives different results. This chapter explains and justifies the materials and the methods used in the research. The selection of method used for the research is based on the research problem, aim and objectives of the study to be achieved. This chapter therefore fully explains the research design;Read MoreQualitative Design Chart Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesQualitative Design Chart The type of data collection for a qualitative research study depends on the research design. The qualitative design itself originates out of the disciplines and flow throughout the process of research (Creswell, 2014). Creswell (2014) recommends narrative, phenomenology, ethnography, case study, and grounded theory as common qualitative research methods. These were recommended because of they are popular across the social and health and science research studies. HaysRead MoreQualitative Research Is Good At Simplifying And Managing Data Without Destroying Complexity And Context956 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative research is good at simplifying and managing data without destroying complexity and context. Qualitative methods are highly appropriate for questions where preemptive reduction of the data will prevent discovery. If the purpose is to learn from the participants in a setting or a process the way they experience it, the meanings they put on it, and how they interpret what they experience, the researcher needs methods that will allow for discovery and do justice to their perceptions and

Healthy Ageing And Challenges To Health For Older Persons - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Healthy Ageing And Challenges To Health For Older Persons. Answer: Introduction The rate of aging in global population is increasing day by day. This phenomenon is occurring in a time when the scale and rate of man made changes in the environment is exceeding the highest levels of ecological limitations. According to World Health Organization (2017), about 15% of adults aged 60 and over suffer from a mental disorder. The biophysical issues related to aging is not much discussed in the society however, the effects of such issues are life threatening in the elderly population of the society (Berryman et al 2012). The psychosocial approach as well, looks at these elderly people in relation with the combined influence of social factors surrounding environment, and psychosocial factors (Keefe et al 2013). These approach talks about these above-mentioned factors on the mental and physical wellness. To discuss these issues, the critical analysis will discuss the case of Marika, who is in her 80s and is suffering from several disorders such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, hypertension, falls, overweight and delirium as well. She is currently living in an old age care home and suffering from these biophysical and psychosocial issues. This critical analysis is going to discuss her issues about osteoporosis and osteoarthritis with a proper clinical intervention and care plan to help her age in a healthy way. Pathophysiology As Marika is suffering from osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, hypertension, falls, and delirium, the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis has been discussed. Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis- the cartridge is a unique tissue that has several compressive and viscoelastic properties that is imparted by its extracellular matrix. This cartridge is made up of type two collagen and proteoglycans (Sankar et al. 2013). In normal condition, this matrix undergoes a remodeling process in which, lower level of synthetic and degradative enzymes are formed, that balances the overall activities and the volume of the cartridge is maintained. However, in the case of Osteoarthritis, expression of those degradative enzymes becomes higher than that of the synthesizer enzymes, leading to the shift the balance in the favor of overall degradation of the bones. This leads to loss of collagen and proteoglycans from the matrix. Hence, the bones becomes weaker (Olivotto et al. 2015). Due to the loss of those two building blocks of cartridge, chondrocytes produces elevated amounts of proteoglycans and collagens, however as the disease continues, the synthesize outm atched the degradation and leads to fibrillations, cracklings and erosions in the superficial layer of cartilage. These cracklings progresses to the deeper layers over time leading to clinically observable cracklings and erosions (Pesesse et al. 2014). Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis - The condition of osteoporosis is mainly the reduction in skeletal mass that has been caused by the imbalance between bone reabsorption and bone formation. In normal physiological conditions, the reabsorption and the bone formation are present in balance however; increase or decrease in either factor can lead to the condition of osteoporosis (Armas and Recker 2012). The cause of osteoporosis can be failure in the formation of bones and reaching the peak bone mass, during the young age, that causes loss of bones in the later period of life. Hormonal status can be another factor to cause osteoporosis. Aging and the loss in the gonadal functions are also the reasons behind the occurrence of the osteoporosis. As the menopause occurs, the rate of bone loss accelerates in women. Estrogen deficiency is a prime reason of the factors that influences the process of bone loss in elderly women (Drake, Clarke and Lewiecki 2015). Due to these health problems, Marika is suffering from falls, delirium and hypertension. Investigation and tests Investigation of these diseases in Marika can be done using different pathophysiological tests. The diagnosis processes that can be used to investigate the level of osteoporosis are- Complete blood count test should be done to investigate the occurrence of anemia in Marika. In bone marrow, the level of cartridge determines the activities of bone reabsorption and bone formation. Hence, anemic patients can acquire this disease condition (Pisani et al. 2013). Serum chemistry tests to determine the levels of it in blood serum. However, if the patient is suffering from primary osteoporosis, the level will be normal in their serum. Hypercalciuria is another factor that can lead to the osteoporotic condition. Furthermore, the investigation, to determine the presence of intact para-thyroids and urine pH may indicate to these conditions. Hence, a 24-hour urine calcium or creatinine level is diagnosed to understand the reason for osteoporosis (Cosman et al. 2014). Serum protein electrophoresis can be done to determine the presence of multiple myeloma. Moreover, 25-hydroxyvitamin D level can be determined as the deficiency in this kind of protein can lead to the occurrence of the disorder. Diagnosis procedures for the osteoarthritis can be- Magnetic resonance imagination or MRI and X-rays can be done to get a clear idea and image of the affected joints. However, cartilage cannot be seen through X-rays but the loss of cartilage can be observed by seeing the narrowing of the space between joint bones. MRI used radio waves and a magnetic fields to generate a detailed image of the bone and the tissues that are been affected by the presence of osteoarthritis (Aicher and Rolauffs 2014). Other than these imaging tests, different lab tests should be performed to understand the co-morbid situations of the presence of this disease. Joint fluid analysis is such a test that determines the fluid present in joints. The diagnosis includes extraction of fluid from the joints to determine the cause of inflammation is due to either infection or some other physiological condition (Loeser et al. 2012). Clinical manifestation The primary signs and symptoms for Marikas osteoarthritis included- Pain, the joint s of Marika used to hurt during and after movements. The pain became adverse with every day passing. Tenderness and stiffness in the joints. She used to feel tenderness in her joints while applying minimal pressure to it. She also felt stiffness after inactivity and waking up in the morning. Loss of flexibility and bone spurs were her secondary signs and symptoms for osteoarthritis (Aaseth, Boivin and Andersen 2012). Symptoms of osteoporosis includes Acute pain in the joints occurs after her fall. After this, she became prone to falls. The history of falls has caused the incidences of deliriums (Braun and Gold 2012). She was suffering from sharp pain in her joints and paravertebral muscle spasms that decreased when was lying and increases during activities. Hence, osteoporosis was detected. The pain was localized in the vertebral level and in lower thoracic (Castaeda et al. 2013). Clinical course of condition The clinical course of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis can be better understood by Marikas history of diseases. There are three levels for the etiopathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Marika is currently suffering from acute phase of arthritis hence; her pain is of the sharp level and cannot be controlled by physiotherapies of medication. In early stages the joint were appearing normal and was little tender and stiff while inactive. However, due to several course of falls. The pain become inevitable and joints become weaker (Pisters et al. 2012). As per her symptoms. Marika is suffering from acute phase of osteoporosis as well. The MRI and X-ray reports has cleared the fact that her bone has become narrower due to the loss of calcium and several pores are present in it. Initially her pain used to be controlled by some analgesics; however, nowadays it has become intolerable. Most common treatment Osteoporosis The most common treatment for osteoporosis involves bisphosphonates that are the most common kind of medication that has been provided to a patient of osteoporosis. The drugs that are commonly used are Alendronate, Risedronate, Ibandronate and Zoledronic acid. Hormones also plays an important role in the occurrence of the osteoporosis, hence ingestion of small amount of hormones are also prescribed. Denosumab are recent invented drugs that are currently used in the osteoporosis that reduces the risk associated with this disease (Das and Crockett 2013). Osteoarthritis Acetaminophin are drugs that are currently been used to control the pain in the acute phase of osteoarthritis. These drugs are superior to NSAIDs that are primary pain relief medication provided. NSAIDs or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents are drugs that are used to limit the adverse pain in the osteoarthritis. It inhibits the prostaglandin generating enzyme COX that leads to decrease in the inflammatory symptoms leading to decreased pain. Another major medication that has been used commonly to reduce the pain in osteoarthritis are COX-2 inhibitors. It also inhibits the prostaglandin synthase enzyme leading to the decrease in the inflammatory symptoms (Sinusas 2012). Conclusion Aging is the most difficult phase for human being as the dependency on others affect the elderly people more effectively than any other health condition. Furthermore, presence of adverse health conditions increases their dependency, leading to hypertension. Marika lives in an old age care home and is suffering from several diseases. Due to the level of dependency, she is suffering from hypertension, which is the prime reason for her overweight body. She has a history of falls and due to which she used to feel severe pain in her joints. This is later diagnosed as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis of acute level. In this critical analysis, the sign, symptoms and the diagnosis process for her disease has been mentioned. Current medication that are being used to treat these bone disease has been discussed. The pathophysiology has also been discussed. A detailed care plan, including the interventions, goals and objectives, rationale and evaluation for these interventions has been mentioned in a tabular format that has been attached in the appendix section. References Aaseth, J., Boivin, G. and Andersen, O., 2012. Osteoporosis and trace elementsan overview.Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology,26(2), pp.149-152. Aicher, W.K. and Rolauffs, B., 2014. The spatial organisation of joint surface chondrocytes: review of its potential roles in tissue functioning, disease and early, preclinical diagnosis of osteoarthritis.Annals of the rheumatic diseases,73(4), pp.645-653. Armas, L.A. and Recker, R.R., 2012. Pathophysiology of osteoporosis: new mechanistic insights.Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America,41(3), pp.475-486. Berryman, S.N., Jennings, J., Ragsdale, S., Lofton, T., Huff, D.C. and Rooker, J.S., 2012. Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults.Medsurg Nursing,21(3), p.129. Braun, H.J. and Gold, G.E., 2012. Diagnosis of osteoarthritis: imaging.Bone,51(2), pp.278-288. Castaeda, S., Roman-Blas, J.A., Largo, R. and Herrero-Beaumont, G., 2013. Osteoarthritis: a progressive disease with changing phenotypes. Cosman, F., De Beur, S.J., LeBoff, M.S., Lewiecki, E.M., Tanner, B., Randall, S. and Lindsay, R., 2014. Clinicians guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Osteoporosis international,25(10), pp.2359-2381. Das, S. and Crockett, J.C., 2013. Osteoporosisa current view of pharmacological prevention and treatment.Drug design, development and therapy,7, p.435. Drake, M.T., Clarke, B.L. and Lewiecki, E.M., 2015. The pathophysiology and treatment of osteoporosis.Clinical therapeutics,37(8), pp.1837-1850. Keefe, F.J., Porter, L., Somers, T., Shelby, R. and Wren, A.V., 2013. Psychosocial interventions for managing pain in older adults: outcomes and clinical implications.British journal of anaesthesia,111(1), pp.89-94. Loeser, R.F., Goldring, S.R., Scanzello, C.R. and Goldring, M.B., 2012. Osteoarthritis: a disease of the joint as an organ.Arthritis Rheumatology,64(6), pp.1697-1707. Olivotto, E., Otero, M., Marcu, K.B. and Goldring, M.B., 2015. Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis: canonical NF-B/IKK-dependent and kinase-independent effects of IKK in cartilage degradation and chondrocyte differentiation.RMD open,1(Suppl 1), p.e000061. Pesesse, L., Sanchez, C., Walsh, D.A., Delcour, J.P., Baudouin, C., Msika, P. and Henrotin, Y., 2014. Bone sialoprotein as a potential key factor implicated in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis.Osteoarthritis and cartilage,22(4), pp.547-556. Pisani, P., Renna, M.D., Conversano, F., Casciaro, E., Muratore, M., Quarta, E., Di Paola, M. and Casciaro, S., 2013. Screening and early diagnosis of osteoporosis through X-ray and ultrasound based techniques.World journal of radiology,5(11), p.398. Pisters, M.F., Veenhof, C., Van Dijk, G.M., Heymans, M.W., Twisk, J.W.R. and Dekker, J., 2012. The course of limitations in activities over 5 years in patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis with moderate functional limitations: risk factors for future functional decline.Osteoarthritis and cartilage,20(6), pp.503-510. Sankar, W.N., Nevitt, M., Parvizi, J., Felson, D.T. and Leunig, M., 2013. Femoroacetabular impingement: defining the condition and its role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis.Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,21, pp.S7-S15. Sinusas, K., 2012. Osteoarthritis: diagnosis and treatment.American family physician,85(1). World Health Organization (2017).Mental health and older adults. [online] World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ [Accessed 22 Oct. 2017]. DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G. and Ciliska, D., 2014.Evidence-Based Nursing-E-Book: A Guide to Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Dunphy, L.M., Winland-Brown, J., Porter, B. and Thomas, D., 2015.Primary care: Art and science of advanced practice nursing. FA Davis. Gordon, M., 2014.Manual ofnursing diagnosis. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Gulanick, M. and Myers, J.L., 2013.Nursing Care Plans-E-Book: Nursing Diagnosis and Intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Ethical Alternatives to Seclusion and Restraint †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Alternatives to Seclusion and Restraint. Answer: Introduction: The following essay is based on the case study of Sam, a 21 year old boy who has been admitted to inner city hospital with acute abdominal pain and has previous reported cases of drug related psychosis. This essay will shed light on the ethical dilemma experienced over the act of restrain in nursing care. According to the nursing professional code of ethics, nurse must value quality nursing care for all the patients. This code of ethics is at stake in this case because Julia, the nurse in the charge shift is advising Camilla to focus caring on other patients, neglecting Sam. Here, Julia as a nurse is not valuing quality care for all the patients while refusing to accept the accountability for the standard nursing care. Camilla when raised her concern regarding the negative effects of restraining on patients like Sam, Julia overlooked it completely. She is only focusing over other patients and advising her fellow colleagues to do the same. The concept of restraining also conflicts value statement 2 of Australian nursing code of ethics (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2017). According to this code, nurses must have respect for their patient while recognizing their capacity for active and informed participation. This act of participation can only be acknowledged via preserving the dignity of the people through practised kindness while skilfully indentifying the vulnerability and powerlessness of the patients who are under their care. In this case, Sam is refusing to participate in the process of diagnosis but in order to keep his violently activity under control; he has been put under restrain. Now the act of restraining is hampering his dignity and thereby posing a negative impact on his physical and mental health condition. Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia also states that nurses must value proper management of the ethical information. Here the statement of Julia is sounding judgemental as she stated that, patients like Sam are a waste of our time... Sam has previous reported cases of drug related psychosis and the disease condition is still prevailing and this can be gauzed from his violent and non-corporative activity. He thus he needs special care and proper counselling and not restraining as it will again increase the chance of self harm as quoted by Camilla (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2017). According to the Nursing Professional Code of Conduct, nurses must practise in a safe and competent manner. Here Sam, is endangering the lives of other fellow patients along with healthcare professionals. He is also getting victim of self-harm, when the medical team has arrived Sam has been found pulling out his IV cannula while verbally abusing Camilla. So in order to maintain the safety of the other patients, Sam was put under the order of restrain. Moreover, professional code of conduct also states that nurses must practise in accordance with the nursing standards while maintaining broader health system. Here Sam was planned to put under restrain for broader health benefits. But while doing this, nursing care is not supporting the health and the well-being of Sam which has been stated in the conduct statement 7 and hence giving rise to conflicts under nursing codes of professional conduct (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2017). Since Sam is suffering from drug related ps ychosis, he must be treated with trust and confidence and this will help Sam to share his physical condition with Camilla while gradually decreasing his violent and self-harming activity. Moreover, the code of professional conduct also states that in situations where a patient is unwilling or unable to speak or decide independently, it is the endeavour of the nurse to ensure that their perspective is clearly represented by an appropriate advocate. Here Sam is refusing to communicate with Camilla. He is calling out and is unable to answer question asked by Camilla in a rational manner. So it is the duty of the attending nurse to represent her perspective via an allocating an advocate and not via putting the patient under restrain (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2017). Ethical Theories and Principles of Nursing The ethics deals with the moral dilemmas, which are generating out of the conflicts in the duties or obligation and the other faced consequences. In case of Camilla, the principal moral dilemmas faced by her are utilitarian approach and deontology. The statement of Julia is supporting the concept of utilitarian approach. According to utilitarian approach, the consequence of an action should promote well being and happiness to the majority of the people (Johnstone, 2016). How much the action is beneficial for the mass is of greatest importance, regardless of the harm or the needs of the minority. Restraining order of Sam is beneficial for the mass as it is decreasing harm to the other fellow patients and the health care professionals moreover; it is also decreasing self-harm of Sam. However, deontology contradicts utilitarian approach. Deontological theory of ethics consider the rights and the interest of individuals and consider it be of primary importance (Freegard, 2012). In case o f Sam, argument can come from the underlying principal of deontology as restraining is going against the concept of deontology and hence, breaching of the ethical theories. Camillas is inclined towards the concept of deontology and hence is concerned about the patient. The ethical principal of liberty also directs Camilla mindset. Liberty is the basic right of every individual. Restraining physical activities of Sam will go against his right of liberty and will lead a negative impact on his mental status, making the scenario further complex (Kontio et al., 2010). The act of non-maleficence both justifies and opposes the physical restrain on Sam. The act of non-maleficence means not to harm the patient so physical restrain can be treated to be unethical however, non-maleficence also means prevention of harm so following restrain over a drug addicted boy is ethical (Beauchamp Childress, 2012). However, the act of beneficence goes against the order of restraining. It confers moral obligation upon the caregivers to act for the benefit of the concerned patient. Sam is agitated since from the time of admission in the hospital and was refusing to cooperate with the Camilla. He was again found pushing and verbally abusing Camilla, hampering her human dignity. Her principle of beneficence promise maximum benefits to Sam in regards physical injury or self-harm (Kerridge, Lowe Stewart, 2013). According to the nursing professional code of conduct, nurses must not contravene the law or breach the human rights of any patients assigned under their care. It is the moral duty of the nursing professionals to skillfully recognize the universal human rights of their patients in order to safeguard their inherent dignity. This is due to the fact that there lies a critical relationship between the health and human rights. Lack of attention in the domain of human rights and impose serious health threats. This existence of inherent relationship is reflected under the concerns of Camilla who is of the opinion that the act of restrain as imposed on Sam will increase the chance of self-harm. It is the duty of the nurse to safeguard the rights of all the patients at highest achievable standards of health. However, the act of restraining is going against the human rights (Lin, Watson Tsai, 2013). Though restrain was done to prevent him from self-harming but it is going against his human ri ghts. But on the other hand, if Sam is set free, then his agitated activity will not only cause self-harm but also will harm other fellow patients who also have equal share of staying fit and well (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2017). Position Statement: Recommendation via Reflection The first recommendation, which I would like to suggest in this case, is through research to develop safe alternatives to restraints so that it does not harm patients dignity and act of libertarianism and autonomy. Moreover, I strongly feel that there is an immediate requirement for proper development of personalized, trauma-informed interventions. Such interventions will be extremely helpful for patients like Sam who has drug related psychosis and demands expert level care, not just restraining. Such alternative and personal level care would serve as a substitute for the current authoritarian medical practice. Another recommendation which I would like to cite is proper elaborative discussion of threats associated with the act of restraining in the scientific literature. This will help the nurses to evaluate the consequences of restraining before passing down the final orders. Here in case of Sam, the order of restraining was taken with a one sided approach that is for the betterment of other patients. The restraining order failed to consider the ethical complication that can arise on the ground of libertarianism and egalitarianism. However, I feel that the statement of Julia, patients like Sam are a waste of our time. Besides, we havent got enough staff rostered on today to be worried about him, is a breach of the duty of care. As per the ethical theory, code of professional conduct of nursing and human rights, every patient has equal rights to recover from the diseased condition. Low patient: nurse ratio can never be cited as an excuse of negligence in nursing care. However, there still lies a conflict of interest issue among Sam, other fellow patients and health care professionals (Mohr, 2010). References Beauchamp, T. L., Childress, J. F. (2012). Principles of Biomedical Ethics (7th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia. (2005) (2nd ed., pp. 1-6). Melbourne. Retrieved from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia (2017). Melbourne. Retrieved from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au Freegard, H. (2012). Ethical practice for health professionals. (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Cengage. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/acu/detail.action?docID=4814208 Johnstone, M. (2016). Bioethics : A Nursing Perspective. (6th Ed.). Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier. Kerridge, I., Lowe, M., Stewart, C. (2013). Ethics and Law for the Health Professions (4th ed.). Sydney: The Federation Press. Kontio, R., Vlimki, M., Putkonen, H., Kuosmanen, L., Scott, A., Joffe, G. (2010). Patient restrictions: are there ethical alternatives to seclusion and restraint?.Nursing ethics,17(1), 65-76. Lin, Y. P., Watson, R., Tsai, Y. F. (2013). Dignity in care in the clinical setting: A narrative review.Nursing Ethics,20(2), 168-177.retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0969733012458609 Mohr, W. K. (2010). Restraints and the code of ethics: An uneasy fit.Archives of psychiatric nursing,24(1), 3-14.